Applicability of thermography in dentistry: scoping review

Introdução: A termografia oferece uma metodologia não invasiva e livre de radiação para diagnóstico por imagem e medição de temperatura, mas a extensão da aplicação atual não é clara, assim como o nível de evidência para cada caso de uso. Além disso, os valores de referência termográfica baseados na população para fins de diagnóstico são quase desconhecidos. A presente revisão de escopo visa avaliar a extensão da literatura e as evidências disponíveis sobre a aplicação da termografia infravermelha na odontologia para estabelecer indicações e maior alcance de sua utilidade. Material e Métodos: PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews e buscas CENTRAL e Web of Science foram feitas em julho de 2022 com palavras-chave específicas. Critérios de elegibilidade amplos foram usados para capturar todos os estudos relevantes, publicados em inglês e abordando imagens térmicas em odontologia. A literatura encontrada foi selecionada quanto aos critérios de elegibilidade. Os dados relevantes foram extraídos das referências incluídas em um quadro de coleta em formato de narrativa sintetizada e classificados nos Níveis de Evidência e Graus de Recomendação (Oxford Center for Evidence-based Medicine – março de 2009). Resultados: foram selecionados 13 estudos, 6 in vitro, 5 ensaios clínicos e 1 estudo de caso e 1 revisão sistemática. Quatro estudos relacionados à variação de temperatura de peças dentárias com diagnóstico pulpar. Três avaliaram a eficácia da termografia no diagnóstico das disfunções temporomandibulares. Cinco foram usados em cirurgia para medir respostas inflamatórias resultantes de procedimentos cirúrgicos e temperaturas alcançadas ao cortar tecidos duros. Um estudo avaliou, do ponto de vista ergonômico, o impacto das más posições de trabalho dos profissionais de saúde bucal. Conclusão: Dentro das limitações desta revisão, estudos sugerem que a termografia tem potencial para se tornar uma ferramenta importante na medicina odontológica, seja como meio auxiliar de diagnóstico em endodontia e disfunção temporomandibular ou como elemento complementar em procedimentos de corte capazes de produzir calor com implicações para a viabilidade das estruturas subjacentes. Além disso, esta scoping review pode suscitar novas pesquisas focadas em termografia.Introduction: Thermography offers a non-invasive radiation-free methodology for diagnostic imaging and temperature measurement, but the extent of the current application is unclear, as is the level of evidence for each use case. Moreover, population-based thermographic reference values for diagnostic purposes are nearly unknown. The present scoping review aims to assess the extent of literature and available evidence regarding the application of infrared thermography in dentistry to establish indications and further scope of its utility. Material and Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and CENTRAL and Web of Science searches were done in July 2022 with specific keywords. Wide eligibility criteria were used to capture all relevant studies, published in English, and addressing thermal imaging in dentistry. The literature found was selected regarding the eligibility criteria. Relevant data was extracted from the included references into a collection chart in a synthesized narrative format and classified under the Levels of Evidence and Grades of Recommendation (Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, March 2009). Results: 13 studies were selected, 6 in vitro, 5 clinical trial and 1 case study and 1 systematic review. Four studies related the temperature variation of dental pieces with pulpal diagnosis. Three evaluated the effectiveness of thermography in the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders. Five were used in surgery to measure inflammatory responses resulting from surgical procedures and temperatures reached when cutting hard tissues. One study evaluated, from an ergonomic point of view, the impact of bad working positions of oral health professionals. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this review, studies suggest that thermography has the potential to become an important tool in dental medicine, either as an auxiliary means of diagnosis in endodontics and temporomandibular disorders or as a complementary element in cutting procedures capable of producing heat with implications for the viability of the underlying structures. In addition, this scoping review can rouse new research foci regarding thermography

Outcome of children hospitalized with community‐acquired pneumonia treated with aqueous penicillin G

OBJECTIVE: To describe the evolution and outcome of children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia receiving penicillin. METHODS: A search was carried out for all hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia cases in a 37-month period. Inclusion criteria comprised age >2 months, intravenous penicillin G use at 200,000 IU/kg/day for >48 h and chest x-ray results. Confounders leading to exclusion included underlying debilitating or chronic pulmonary illnesses, nosocomial pneumonia or transference to another hospital. Pneumonia was confirmed if a pulmonary infiltrate or pleural effusion was described by an independent radiologist blind to the clinical information. Data on admission and evolution were entered on a standardized form. RESULTS: Of 154 studied cases, 123 (80%) and 40 (26%) had pulmonary infiltrate or pleural effusion, respectively. Penicilli was substituted by other antibiotics in 28 (18%) patients, in whom the sole significant decrease was in the frequency of tachypnea from the first to the second day of treatment (86% vs. 50%, p = 0.008). Among patients treated exclusively with penicillin G, fever (46% vs. 26%, p = 0.002), tachypnea (74% vs. 59%, p = 0.003), chest indrawing (29% vs. 13%, p<0.001) and nasal flaring (10% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.001) frequencies significantly decreased from admission to the first day of treatment. Patients treated with other antimicrobial agents stayed longer in the hospital than those treated solely with penicillin G (16±6 vs. 8±4 days, p<0.001, mean difference (95% confidence interval) 8 (6-10)). None of the studied patients died. CONCLUSION: Penicillin G successfully treated 82% (126/154) of the study group and improvement was marked on the first day of treatment

Digital collection creator, visualizer and explorer

In this paper we introduce and discuss a recent project, called CortaColaEspia, aimed at extending with some extra relevant features the’Ontology-based Collection Processor’ developed previously in the context of a Compilers course. The basic processor, based on the OntoDL tool, was able to read the ontological description of a small collection of objects (cards, pencils, toys, etc.) and produce automatically a web-based exhibition space to display the objects, providing a conceptual navigation through them. The extension under discussion is intended to create a new DSL to describe the details of the exhibition room organization (what concepts and relations to show; where and how to show them; etc.). A second objective consists of a new module to merge two collections, or to enrich a collection with extra information about the collected objects. The last requirement is the incorporation of a natural language processor to analyze the objects’ captions or short inscriptions in order to extract information that can create knowledge about a specific domain, a society or an epoch.This work has been supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the Project Scope: UID/CEC/00319/2019

O sofrimento amenizado com o tempo: a experiência da família no cuidado da criança com anomalia congênita

This study aimed to understand the experience of caring for a child with a congenital anomaly from the family's perspective. Symbolic Interactionism and Grounded Theory were the theoretical and methodological references, respectively. Data collection was carried out with eight families with children having congenital anomalies through semi-structured interviews and participating observation. Data analysis reached axial coding. Results revealed two phenomena in the experience of families in delivering care to children with congenital anomalies - Facing an initially difficult experience and suffering eases over time. We concluded that the understanding of this experience supports the need to reconsider the nursing care provided to families in the care of children with congenital anomalies.El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender el significado de la vivencia del proceso de cuidar de niños con anomalía congénita bajo la perspectiva de la familia. El Interaccionismo Simbólico y la Teoría Fundamentada en los Datos fueron utilizados como marcos teóricos y metodológicos, respectivamente. La recolección de los datos fue realizada en ocho familias de niños con anomalía congénita, utilizándose la entrevista semiestructurada y la observación participante. El análisis de los datos fue conducido hasta la codificación axial. Como resultados, fueron evidenciados dos fenómenos en la vivencia de la familia al cuidar del niño con anomalía congénita: deparándose con una vivencia inicialmente difícil, y teniendo el sufrimiento amenizado con el tiempo. Se concluye que la comprensión de esa vivencia ofrece subsidios importantes para repensar la asistencia de enfermería a la familia que cuida de niños con anomalía congénita.O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender o significado da vivência do processo de cuidar da criança com anomalia congênita sob a perspectiva da família. O Interacionismo Simbólico e a Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados foram utilizados como referenciais teórico e metodológico, respectivamente. A coleta dos dados foi realizada com oito famílias de crianças com anomalia congênita, utilizando-se a entrevista semiestruturada e observação participante. A análise dos dados foi conduzida até à codificação axial. Como resultados, foram evidenciados dois fenômenos na experiência da família ao cuidar da criança com anomalia congênita - deparando-se com uma experiência inicialmente difícil e tendo o sofrimento amenizado com o tempo. Conclui-se que a compreensão dessa vivência oferece subsídios importantes para se repensar a assistência de enfermagem à família no cuidar da criança com anomalia congênita

An ontology based approach to teach computational thinking

This paper is focused on the teaching/learning process of Computational Thinking at primary and secondary schools. It is generally accepted that Programming is a complex task that requires a long learning process. Theoretical knowledge about fundamentals on algorithms and data structures, as well as, on programming languages are required but are not enough; practicing a lot is also necessary. However, teaching Computer Programming is a hard job, most of the times unsuccessful. To overcome all the difficulties, felt by teachers and students, an increasingly bigger community of researchers in Computer Science is defending the importance of teaching Computational Thinking to young students to train them, since very earlier, in logic and abstract reasoning for problem solving. Our starting point to approach this topic relies on the use of an Ontology (OntoCnE) that describes in detail the concepts 'Computational Thinking' and 'Programming', and maps those concepts to different education levels, starting with the first year. We believe that a person just acquires a new way of thinking, or a new way of behaving, if he is trained with the appropriate learning resources. So a main investment to educate people in Computational Thinking is on the choice/creation of those convenient resources. In particular we intended to investigate the impact of Augmented Reality in the usefulness of the referred resources. In that direction we will also discuss the development of a Web Platform to help on collecting and classifying (according to the referred ontology) learning resources to be used by teachers in computing classes. On the other hand, the platform will help on the retrieval, from that repository, of the most adequate resources to teach a specific subject to a specific level.This work has been supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the Project Scope: “UID/CEC/00319/2019”. The authors want to thank our M. Sc. student Ana Azevedo for the development of Micas

Uniformização de processos num laboratório de metrologia

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia IndustrialA qualidade de conformidade é um requisito essencial dos produtos. No entanto, os requisitos de qualidade nem sempre são alcançados e as empresas acabam por fornecer produtos fora das especificações mínimas exigidas pelos clientes. Deste modo, a medição tornou-se fundamental para o controlo e validação da conformidade de um produto através da análise das suas especificações técnicas. Foi desta forma que surgiu a importância da metrologia para o processo de controlo da qualidade. O presente trabalho insere-se num projeto de investigação-ação relativo à “Uniformização de processos num laboratório de metrologia”. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de métodos de standardização para o laboratório, nomeadamente para o processo de medição em máquinas de medir por coordenadas. Foram implementadas melhorias na gestão da ocupação dos equipamentos tridimensionais e diagnosticado o seu progresso. Realizaram-se também estudos Gage R&R para a verificação da capacidade e estabilidade do sistema de medição após a implementação dos métodos de standardização propostos. Este trabalho possibilitou não só a melhoria de tempos do processo de medição e da gestão ocupacional dos equipamentos tridimensionais, como também melhorou a rentabilidade das tarefas de trabalho e a eficiência dos estudos dimensionais realizados no laboratório.Quality of conformity is an essential requirement of the products. However, quality requirements are not always achieved and companies end up delivering products outside the minimum specifications required by customers. Due to this, measurement has become essential for the control and validation of a product conformity by analyzing its technical specifications. Consequently, the importance of metrology for the quality control process emerged. The present work is part of an action-research project on the “Standardization of processes in a metrology laboratory”. The main objective of this work was the development of standardization methods for the laboratory, namely for the measurement process in coordinate measuring machines. Improvements in the occupation management of three-dimensional equipment were implemented and their progress evaluated. Gage R&R studies were also carried out to verify the capacity and stability of the equipment measurement system after the implementation of the proposed standardization methods. This work has not only improved the time of the measurement process and the occupational management of three-dimensional equipment, but also improved the work tasks’ profitability and the efficiency of the dimensional studies carried out in the laboratory

NetAC, an automatic classifier of online hate speech comments

Nowadays in many linguistic and social areas researchers collect the reaction of people to someone’s statements (newspaper articles or social network posts) with the intention of analyzing the speech style. From that analysis different conclusions can be inferred giving rise to a large number of social impact attitudes. However it is not enough to create a huge corpus of texts. It is necessary to process the collected statements and comments and resort to appropriate tools to extract the relevant terms from the texts and analyze their occurrences. This paper is about a statistical framework, NetAC, built in the context of NetLang Project to study prejudice discourse aiming at individual or group discrimination. Given a categorization table the tools included in NetAC search for frequency of occurrence of the keywords in each category and, based on the greatest frequency, propose a classification for each comment and for the overall text. Besides the main classifier, other features will be presented.This work has been supported by FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the Project Scope: PTDC/LLT-LIN/29304/2017

Criação de espaços virtuais de aprendizagem a partir de um repositório de documentos XML

Para construir Espaços de Aprendizagem na Web, mais do que recolher e digitalizar informações, é necessário um poderoso mecanismo de busca e extração de dados e um sofisticado mecanismo de publicação na web. Neste artigo, é apresentado um sistema para construir automaticamente esses espaços de aprendizagem com base num repositório digital. O sistema extrai de um repositório de documentos XML a informação necessária para popular uma ontologia (a base de conhecimento que serve como núcleo do nosso sistema) criando uma representação interna tripla. Uma linguagem de domínio específico (CaVaDSL) será usada para especificar os espaços de aprendizagem com base nessa ontologia. A descrição formal, escrita nessa linguagem, será processada pelo motor Cavagen para gerar o espaço virtual de aprendizagem.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

The visual programming environment ROBI for educational robotics

This paper presents the outcomes of a research project focused on the training of Computational Thinking, resorting to a block-based visual programming language created to program an Arduino Uno based robot. To support the design and implementation of the visual programming environment Robi, we start discussing the relevance of Educational Robotics to motivate and engage children in programming activities. Students usually face great difficulties to learn computer programming and it is nowadays accepted that young people shall be trained in Computational Thinking to acquire the skills necessary to easily solve problems within and beyond the realm of Computer Science and Engineering. The resolution of obstacles imposed by the costs and reduced availability of typical Educational Robotics kits, in combination with the benefits of existing block-based programming languages, like simplicity and intuitiveness, motivated the project here reported and analyzed. We aim at showing that Robi, a visual block-based programming language and robot programming environment, provides an easy, accessible and intuitive platform to learn how to solve problems programming a computer and support the training of Computational Thinking